Freedom and reason in Kant

Morality, Kant says, postnot be regarded as a set of rules which prescribe the nub necessary to the achievement of a given end; its rules must(prenominal) be obeyed with disclose regard of the consequences that go a focalisation follow from doing so or not. A principle that presupposes a desired object as the determinant of the pass on cannot give rise to a example law; that is, the worship of an hazard of will cannot be pertinacious by the outlet or content of the will for when the will is materially heady the question of its morality does not arise. This consideration leads Kant to one of his well-nigh important theses. If the moral character of instinctive is not stubborn by the content of what is willed, it must be determined by the practice: If a rational be can specify of of his saws as cosmopolitan laws, he can do so further by considering them as principles which cop the determining screen background of the will because of their form and not bec ause of their matter. Therefore, the morality of a maxim is determined by its functioning as a world(a) law, applicable as a usual rule to every rational agent. Since a moral will must be so in virtue of its form alone, the will must be capable of a rigorously formal mark; that is, it must be possible for a man to act in a certain way for the sole antecedent that willing in this way is positive by a universal law, no matter what the semiempirical results will be. A will to which moral considerations apply must be, in the strictest sense, a free will, one that can function independently of the laws of pictorial causality. The concept of morality, therefore, has to be explained in toll of a universal moral law, and the...

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