Understanding Xenophobia, the Fear of Strangers

Understanding Xenophobia, the Fear of Strangers Phobias Types Print Understanding Xenophobia, the Fear of Strangers Exhibiting Hatred as a Reaction to Fear By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 04, 2019 PBNJ Productions / Blend / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Xenophobia, or fear of strangers, is a broad term that may be applied to any fear of someone who is different from us. In someone who suffers from legitimate xenophobia, hatred is generally a reaction to the fear. In addition, xenophobia need not be limited to those of a different race. Homophobia, fear of those from different cultural backgrounds, and even fear of those who dress, speak or think differently could be considered subsets of xenophobia. Whether xenophobia qualifies as a legitimate emotional disorder is a subject of ongoing debate.   Xenophobia and Hate The desire to belong to a group is pervasive and primal. Throughout history, those who have banded together in families, tribes or clans have thrived, while individuals who were separated by choice or circumstances faced increased dangers and limited opportunities. While strong identification with a particular group can be healthy, it can also lead to suspicion of those who do not belong. It is natural and possibly instinctive to want to protect the interests of the group by eliminating threats to those interests. Unfortunately, this natural protectiveness often causes members of a group to shun or even attack those who are perceived as different, even if they actually pose no legitimate threat at all. The twisting of a positive traitâ€"group harmony and protection from threatsâ€"into a negativeâ€"imagining threats where none existâ€"has led to any number of hate crimes, persecutions, wars, and general mistrust. Xenophobia is rare among the phobias in that it has a great potential to cause damage to others, rather than affecting only those who suffer from it. Symptoms of Xenophobia Certainly, not everyone who suffers from xenophobia starts wars or performs hate crimes. Most sufferers are able to contain their reactions and live within societal norms. They are able to look past their initial reactions and become friends with individuals who happen to fall into a particular category. A classic example occurred during the first season of the hit CBS show, Survivor. Retired Navy SEAL Rudy Boesch was known for his outspoken opinions, which included a distaste for gays, particularly flamboyant ones. Nonetheless, he developed first an alliance and soon a deep and lasting friendship with extremely flamboyant and usually naked tribemate Richard Hatch, although Rudy was quick to comment that their friendship should not be taken in a homosexual way. If you suffer from xenophobia, you may feel uncomfortable around people who fall into a different group than your own. You might go out of your way to avoid particular neighborhoods. You may discount the possibility of friendship with certain people solely due to their skin color, mode of dress or other external factors. You might have trouble taking a supervisor seriously or connecting with a teammate who does not fall into your particular racial, cultural or religious group. Combating Xenophobia Many people who suffer from xenophobia have lived relatively sheltered lives with little exposure to those who are different from them. Fear of the unknown is one of the most powerful fears of all. If you have not been exposed to other races, cultures, and religions, conquering your xenophobia may be as simple as gaining more experience. Traveling the world, or even spending a week at a youth hostel in a nearby city, might go a long way toward helping you face your fears. If your xenophobia is more pervasive, recurring despite exposure to a wide variety of cultures, then professional treatment might be in order. Choose a therapist that is open-minded and interested in working with you for a long period of time. Unlike many phobias, xenophobia is often deeply rooted in a combination of upbringing, religious teachings, and previous experiences. Successfully combating xenophobia generally means confronting numerous aspects of the personality and learning new ways of experiencing the world.

Understanding Xenophobia, the Fear of Strangers

Understanding Xenophobia, the Fear of Strangers Phobias Types Print Understanding Xenophobia, the Fear of Strangers Exhibiting Hatred as a Reaction to Fear By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 04, 2019 PBNJ Productions / Blend / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Xenophobia, or fear of strangers, is a broad term that may be applied to any fear of someone who is different from us. In someone who suffers from legitimate xenophobia, hatred is generally a reaction to the fear. In addition, xenophobia need not be limited to those of a different race. Homophobia, fear of those from different cultural backgrounds, and even fear of those who dress, speak or think differently could be considered subsets of xenophobia. Whether xenophobia qualifies as a legitimate emotional disorder is a subject of ongoing debate.   Xenophobia and Hate The desire to belong to a group is pervasive and primal. Throughout history, those who have banded together in families, tribes or clans have thrived, while individuals who were separated by choice or circumstances faced increased dangers and limited opportunities. While strong identification with a particular group can be healthy, it can also lead to suspicion of those who do not belong. It is natural and possibly instinctive to want to protect the interests of the group by eliminating threats to those interests. Unfortunately, this natural protectiveness often causes members of a group to shun or even attack those who are perceived as different, even if they actually pose no legitimate threat at all. The twisting of a positive traitâ€"group harmony and protection from threatsâ€"into a negativeâ€"imagining threats where none existâ€"has led to any number of hate crimes, persecutions, wars, and general mistrust. Xenophobia is rare among the phobias in that it has a great potential to cause damage to others, rather than affecting only those who suffer from it. Symptoms of Xenophobia Certainly, not everyone who suffers from xenophobia starts wars or performs hate crimes. Most sufferers are able to contain their reactions and live within societal norms. They are able to look past their initial reactions and become friends with individuals who happen to fall into a particular category. A classic example occurred during the first season of the hit CBS show, Survivor. Retired Navy SEAL Rudy Boesch was known for his outspoken opinions, which included a distaste for gays, particularly flamboyant ones. Nonetheless, he developed first an alliance and soon a deep and lasting friendship with extremely flamboyant and usually naked tribemate Richard Hatch, although Rudy was quick to comment that their friendship should not be taken in a homosexual way. If you suffer from xenophobia, you may feel uncomfortable around people who fall into a different group than your own. You might go out of your way to avoid particular neighborhoods. You may discount the possibility of friendship with certain people solely due to their skin color, mode of dress or other external factors. You might have trouble taking a supervisor seriously or connecting with a teammate who does not fall into your particular racial, cultural or religious group. Combating Xenophobia Many people who suffer from xenophobia have lived relatively sheltered lives with little exposure to those who are different from them. Fear of the unknown is one of the most powerful fears of all. If you have not been exposed to other races, cultures, and religions, conquering your xenophobia may be as simple as gaining more experience. Traveling the world, or even spending a week at a youth hostel in a nearby city, might go a long way toward helping you face your fears. If your xenophobia is more pervasive, recurring despite exposure to a wide variety of cultures, then professional treatment might be in order. Choose a therapist that is open-minded and interested in working with you for a long period of time. Unlike many phobias, xenophobia is often deeply rooted in a combination of upbringing, religious teachings, and previous experiences. Successfully combating xenophobia generally means confronting numerous aspects of the personality and learning new ways of experiencing the world.

Epics the Aeneid and Metamorphoses a Comparison - 1045 Words

Epics The Aeneid and Metamorphoses: A Comparison Both Vergil and Ovid imbedded underlying meanings in their epics The Aeneid and Metamorphoses. In this paper I will focus on the underlying meaning in the Underworld scene in Vergils The Aeneid (lines 356 through 1199). I will also focus on three scenes in Ovids Metamorphoses. Both epics contain a larger message about the importance of the Roman past for its present and future under Augustus. The story of Aeneas in the Underworld can be interpreted as a brilliant rendition of the story of Romes past, present, and future. When Aeneas descends into the Underworld, he is escorted by the Sibyl (lines 347 - 349). This gives the readers a clue that what is to happen in the upcoming text†¦show more content†¦Anchises lists the descendants of Aeneas, leaving special mention on Caesar by placing him directly after Romulus. Augustus is glorified as the son of a god, and many great deeds are spoken on his behalf. The epic ends on a sad note: that of Marcellus death. (Lines 1148 - 1182) This sad ending foretells that Rome will never achieve its full potential, yet it will achieve much. Ovid takes a different approach to his story-telling. Instead of constructing elaborate events which have double meanings, he simply tells several stories. Ovids works are less complex than Vergils, and there is much less meaning within his stories. When Pythagoras is speaking, a recurring idea in his speeches is to not eat the flesh of another animal. (Ovid, p337 - 338) On a symbolic level, he is lecturing about taking another persons life. In this sense, Pythagoras may be speaking against murder, and against war. By stating that ... creatures trying to kill us may be killed ... (p 337) he is implying that it may be necessary to defend ones life against attack, but one should never attack another. In view of Romes past, this lecture may have come about as a result of the Punic Wars when a large deportation of males from Rome as soldiers caused a serious manpower shortage withi n the city. (Short Histories, p 25 - 27) Another important message in Pythagoras speech is that of change. Pythagoras gives several examples ofShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Portrayal of the Gods in Virgils Aeneid and Metamorphoses2692 Words   |  11 PagesTHE PORTRAYAL OF THE GODS IN VIRGILS AENEID AND OVIDS METAMORPHOSES. There is a significant difference in the treatment of the gods in the Aeneid and the Metamorphoses, even though both authors were writing in the epic tradition. Virgil wrote his Aeneid in the last ten years of his life, between 29BC and 19BC, after the Battle of Actium, in 31BC, which was significant, as it established Octavian as the sole emperor, Augustus, of Rome. The Aeneid is a celebration of Augustus achievementsRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Gods In Ovid And The Aeneid1987 Words   |  8 Pagesperceived to be differently described in the two books and that makes the analysis of the gods in the essay to be conclusive. Ovid and Virgil are writers in the epic tradition but the way they treat gods in Aeneid and metamorphoses displays a difference. Aeneid was written between 29BC up to 19BC after the battle of Actium was fought in 31BC. The Aeneid was written as a celebration of the various achievements of Augustus and helps in rejoicing the development of Rome during that period of time. The bookRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 Pagespoetry at a monastery at Whitby.[1] This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically; for example, estimates for the date of the great epic Beowulf range from AD 608 right through to AD 1000, and there has never been anything even approaching a consensus.[2] It is possible to identify certain key moments, however. The Dream of the Rood was written before circa AD 700, when excerpts wereRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 Pagesnotable example. Burlesque: A humorous imitation of a serious work of literature. The humor often arises from the incongruity between the imitation and the work being imitated. For example, Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock uses the high diction of epic poetry to talk about a domestic matter. Confessional poetry: An autobiographical poetic genre in which the poet discusses intensely personal subject matter with unusual frankness. The genre was popular from the late 1950s to the late 1960s, due in

Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist...

Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels attempt to explain the reasons for why there is class struggle and suggest how to prevent class separation. According to Marx there are two different types of social classes: the bourgeoisies and the proletarians. The bourgeoisie are capitalists who own the means of production and the proletarians are the working classes who are employed by the bourgeoisies. Due to their wealth, the bourgeoisies had the power to control pretty much of everything and the proletarians had little or no say in any political issues. According to Marx, the proletarians population would increase and they would†¦show more content†¦The bourgeoisies made sure that the only way of survival for the working class was through them. Marx even believed that the churches were oppressing the proletarians because the bourgeoisies were controlling the churches. Therefore, Marx thought that religion should be abolished. Another thing that Marx beli eved had no existence was the government because the bourgeoisie held all political power.3 The proletarians and the bourgeoisies had very different ways in which they lived during the industrial age. The proletarians lived inside the city where pollution was very bad and overcrowded by a large majority of population, where as the bourgeoisies lived outside the city limits and controlled much of the land. Once the Industrial Revolution came the life in the cities where the proletarians lived became very drastic. Disease in the city became very bad and could destroy a large percentage of the population by causing death. The working class suffered from various types of diseases such as lung disease and many poisonings. The working class would not nearly live as long as the bourgeoisies because they would not be able to receive the medical care that they needed.4 Also crime in the cities became very high because criminals could get away very easily. Eventually law enforcement would be created to slow down the high rates of crime. Another thingShow MoreRelate dMarx Vs. Locke1476 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Marx vs. Locke Work is something we do on a regular basis, it’s what gets us through our day and makes us who we are. In class, we discussed two authors who had a viewpoint on the idea of work. Rousseau and Marx express their opinions of the theory of work in their own writings. In Karl Marx’s reading called The Communist Manifesto he explains the differences and similarities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat people. In Rousseau’s reading called Discourse on the Origins of InequalityRead MoreKarl Marx And Max Weber1324 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx and Max Weber were influential sociologists that paved the way for modern sociological school of thought. Both, Karl Marx and Max Weber contributed a lot to the study and foundation of sociology. Without their contributions sociology would not be as prominent as it is today. From the contribution of how sociology should be studied, to how they applied their theories to everyday life has influenced many sociologists. Predo minantly, both of these theorists’ discussed the effects of capitalismRead MoreCourbet Vs Marx Summary2007 Words   |  9 PagesThe final showdown: Courbet VS Marx Gustave Courbet once said, When I die, let it be said of me: He belonged to no school, to no church, to no institution, to no academy, least of all to any regime except the regime of liberty. (The Painters Key) â€Å"The reader can understand from this phrase that Courbet didnt want to be associated with a class; he wanted the artistic freedom not to be restrained in the world. This idea can be seen in his 1855 painting The Painters Studio where an artist situatedRead MoreManifesto Of The Communist Party920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto, originally drafted as, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party†, is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, that in essence reflects an attempt to explain the goals and objectives of Communism, while also explaining the concrete theories about the nature of society in relation to the political ideology. The Communist Manifesto breaks down the relationship of socio-economic classes and specifically identifies the friction between thos e classes. Karl Marx essentially presents a well analyzedRead MoreEssay On Class Struggle1322 Words   |  6 PagesClass struggle has appeared throughout history. Marx’s claims class struggle occurs when there are groups of people who have different interests and economic standing that they begin to categorize themselves, thus creating a â€Å"class† or group in which each individuals are placed into which consisted of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. This class struggle, exploitation masses by the dominant group, is what Karl Marx’s evidently explains in his work. In agreement with Marx I undoubtedly believeRead MoreA Brief Note On Karl Marx, A German Philosopher And Economist Born2586 Words   |  11 PagesKarl Marx, a German philosopher and economist born in 1818, had a profound impact on and revolutionised politics, economics and intellectual thought (Calhoun, 2002, pp. 23-24) when he emerged as a revolutionary thinker who denounced the economic and political elites (the Bourgeoisie) and argued Communism was the inevitable destination for society. His abstract view of human history led many to adopt his ideas and led to the formation of self-declared Communist states across four continents. StalinRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture1463 Words   |  6 PagesT What can we define as Human Nature and Nurture? The Nature vs. Nurture has been a long never ending debate for some time now. Nature vs Nurture has been so profoundly debated, that now it’s unclear whether what makes us who we are and what we do, nature or nurture. For purposes of this essay Nature is going to be defined as characteristics we acquire through our genetic and biological factors, while that Nurture is going to be defined characteristics we acquire through our interactions and influencesRead More Karl Marx and His Critique of Capitalism Essays1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss the changes in capitalism since Marx’s critique in 1848. Marx’s fundamental critique remains correct today. Marx is still correct about his critique of capitalism because even though there have been changes made to capitalism to prevent some abuses, capitalism still produces inequality, reduces the family relationship, destroys small business, and enslaves. In 1848 Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto which was a formal statement of the communist party. â€Å"The history of all hitherto existingRead MoreCommunism And The Communist Manifesto3222 Words   |  13 Pagespropose that the Communist Manifesto has only a weak correlation to current world. To prove this, I will explore four key factors. First, I will summarize Communism and the foundation of the Communist Manifesto using the designated class study materials. I believe that it is essential for the reader to have a baseline upon which I will then explain my position. I will also explore how Religion relates to the concept of universal justice in society and how it plays into the communist manifesto. I will thenRead MoreThe Failure of Modern Capitalism: Looking at Modern Situations from a Marxist Perspective1728 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful or if a major change to our society is imminent. In seeking answers to these questions, it is impossible not to think of economist Ka rl Marx, who spent the better part of his career analyzing capitalism. Marx long ago predicted what he deemed the inevitable downfall of the capitalist society and outlined his reasoning in his infamous Manifesto of the Communist Party. According to Marx, capitalism is bound to collapse due to its inherent internal contradictions of overproduction, concentration

The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Gilman - 958 Words

The birth of a baby can generate a lot of powerful emotions. Emotions like excitement, joy, fear, and anxiety. It can also result in something you might not expect. In the early 1800’s postpartum depression was misdiagnosed by a physician and calling it â€Å"hysteria†. In this time period, physicians were only males so they were more dominant; and females were looked down upon. Postpartum depression is what a mother suffers from after giving birth. It is a combination of hormonal changes and psychological adjustment to motherhood. Mothers who develop postpartum depression are at greater risk of developing other major depressions later on in life, and have difficulty bonding with their babies. 100 years ago this wasn’t a diagnosis, it was very common and plenty of women went through it. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman, talks about how the main character in the story was suffering from postpartum depression, schizophrenia and obsession. Thes e depressions led her to write this story to expose physician’s misdiagnoses and lack of understanding. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford Connecticut, her childhood led to depression and her suicide. Her father abandoned the family when she was a child only leaving her mother and relative to help raise her. Her childhood and family situation was damaged by her father leaving and that helped her to learn and gain independence. She got married in 1884 and then she was diagnosed with depression. She was prescribedShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Gilman is a chilling portrayal of a woman’s downward spiral towards madness after undergoing treatment for postpartum depression in the 1800’s. The narrator, whose name remains nameless, represents the hundreds of middle to upper- class women who were diagnosed with â€Å"hysteria† and prescribed a â€Å"rest† treatment. Although Gilman’s story was a heroic attempt to â€Å"save people from being driven crazy† (GilmanRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman992 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The yellow wallpaper† The Yellow Wallpaper is a story about women’s repression in the 19th century. This story shows an immense difference between men and women inside society. While the men are the one making the decisions and taking responsibility, women must accept their obligations. The protagonist is repressed and appear for the effect of the oppression of women in society. This effect is develop by the use of complex symbols such as, the room, the wallpaper, the window which facilitates herRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Gilman1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper, written by the famous Charlotte Perkins, is a captivating short story published in 1892 that presents the story from the perspective of the narrator. This story is quite fascinating and readers may easily view it from different perspectives. For example, some readers may interpret it as a medical critique while others may view it as feminist allegory. In this short story, Charlotte Gilman uses her personal exp eriences with pregnancy, especially the depression and anxiety thatRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe yellow wallpaper by charlotte Gilman is about a woman who slowly descends into madness trying to please herself and have a voice even though she is a woman in a time that is is expected for her to obey her husband and be the wife he wants her to be. This short story took many years to be published, one publisher even wrote in a rejection letter to Gillman that stated â€Å"I could not forgive myself if I made others as miserable as I have made myself by reading this† (Stephens, 1997). The commentRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Gilman1542 Words   |  7 PagesThe short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, written by Charlotte Gilman, presents as a feminist text written in protest to the treatment of women by a male dominated society. The story is told from the narrator’s perspective, a woman who’s na me we never learn. A woman suffering from post-natal-depression who is prescribed the remedy of the day, a course of treatment known as â€Å"rest cure†, in which the sufferer is confined to bed and not allowed to partake in the activities of daily life. This extendedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman examines the negative effects of the â€Å"rest cure†, a common approach used in the nineteenth century to treat women suffering from severe nervous symptoms (Bassuk 245). The text not only condemns the callous, medical treatment that the narrator endures, but, it also addresses the misogynistic beliefs and the resulting gender inequalities that endorse the use of such treatments. This theme is made explicit in the narrator’s persistent attempts to escape theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Gilman1582 Words   |  7 Pageshusbands want them to do, as we ll as what society wants them to do. Charlotte Gilman published The Yellow Wallpaper in 1892 and wrote this short story because she experienced the same confinement that the narrator did. The narrator s role in the family in the short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, represents the ideals and attitudes toward gender roles in the Victorian Era which will evolve into present-day ideas and roles. Gilman s use of confinement throughout the story provides context as to howRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman964 Words   |  4 Pageslearn from this experience. Reading scholarly articles was not easy at all. They were long and had many words I did not understand; it was actually the first time I had ever read scholarly articles. I choose the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman. The Yellow Wallpaper was a good story to write about because it was challenging and interesting. Writing a research paper could be challenging in so many level; it test your knowledge and skills. For example, having to fully understand theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1362 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wonderful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her sever e depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editor

Significant Role of Leadership-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Critically analyse the relationship between traits, motives and effectiveness of leaders. Answer: Leadership plays a significant role in any organization. Today organizations are operating in dynamic environment where situations are changing rapidly. The organizations have to face various challenges and the managers who work as leaders in the organization provide guidance to other members to deal with those challenges. Leadership can be defined as an action in which managers influence employees to achieve goals and objectives. The managers set a clear vision for the company and motivate employees by providing them continuous guidance (Bryman, 2007). In the given essay the role of leadership and relation between traits and motives are explained. We have taken Steve Jobs as the role model for all the mangers. The essay also elaborates how Steve Jobs had applied those traits for the growth of the organization. One leadership framework is also showed in the essay. The given paragraph focuses on the role of leadership. Leadership is an important part of management that helps to maximize effectiveness and efficiency and also helps in achieving goals of the organization. The managers who work as leaders formulate plans, policies and strategies and communicate the information to subordinates. Leaders provide motivation to employees. For motivating employees they use economic and non-economic rewards. Leaders build confidence among employees by explaining them their roles and also by giving them proper guidance to attain goals. The main work of mangers or leaders is to get the work done through people. Leaders also help to create an efficient work environment in the organization. In current market condition to meet complex challenges, the leaders formulate specific strategies and motivate employees to perform their task properly. Leaders possess certain traits and motives which are both interrelated. All the traits and motives contribute to leadership effectiveness. Effective leaders have certain characteristics which contribute to the success of the organization. Certain of the personality traits include trustworthiness, self-confidence, extroversion, assertiveness, enthusiasm, emotional stability, high tolerance and a sense of humor. A good leader should have traits such as sense of humor trait which will help in creating friendly relationship with employees (Carlo, Okun, Knight de Guzman, 2005). In many leadership theories personality traits are used to provide definition of good leader. A good leader mainly uses situational leadership theory that suggests that single leadership style cannot be applied in all situations. According to the situations the le aders have to select proper leadership style. Some factors like organization culture, employees behavior, and certain other conditions the leaders consider for selecting the best leadership style for the situation. Some task related personality traits a good leader possesses are flexibility, passion, courage, emotional intelligence and adaptability. All these traits help leaders to perform the work effectively and efficiently (Judge, Piccolo Kosalka, 2009). With all the mentioned leadership traits, the leaders also contain some motives like power motive, strong work ethic, tenacity, drive and achievement. The power motive indicates that the strong leader or a manager require to control other people in the organization. The leaders have to use their powers to influence the behaviors of others. Strong work ethic motive can be understood as the leaders believe in dignity of work. They support strong work ethic in the organization. The leaders assume that group task provide more productive output than individual task. The drive and achievement motive indicates that the leader implements best ideas that can give good returns. Through the efforts of managers who perform effective leadership role in the organization both company and the managers get benefits (De Hoogh et al., 2005). Tenacity motive shows strong determination of leaders. The effective leaders provide creative solution to solve complex problems. There are strong relationship between leadership traits and motives. Successful leaders use leadership traits which provide support to achieve motives. For fulfilling power motive the leaders must have certain characteristics like risk taking, self-confidence, and extra version (Geoghegan Dulewicz, 2008). For maintaining strong work ethic the leaders must possess emotional intelligence, sense of humor, enthusiasm and assertiveness. For accomplishing tenacity motive the leaders must have high tolerance level and for attaining drive and achievement motive the leaders must have certain qualities like courage, enthusiasm, initiative, flexibility, and adaptability. Steve Jobs is the famous name in corporate world. He is the person who is responsible for Apple Companys success. Some major leadership qualities Steve jobs had adaptability, focus, assertiveness, innovative and self-confidence. The major motives of Steve Jobs were tenacity and strong work ethic. Steve Jobs was a motivational leader. He formulated business strategies and motivated employees to work for the betterment and growth of the company. Modern managers can learn leadership qualities from him as he faced various challenges in his life but faced those challenges with full zeal. Steve jobs, was very passionate for his work. He provided right directions to the Apple Company when company was facing many problems (Isaacson, 2012). The leaders should use appropriate framework to provide effective leadership to the organization. The framework or model of leadership helps to deal with complex problems. Michale Fullan has given a leadership model that can be used to implement change in an organization. Fullans leadership model includes 5 major points like moral purpose, relationship building, understanding change, coherence making and knowledge sharing (Knuth Banks, 2006). Mainly the leaders are responsible to introduce change in the organization. The five major elements showed in the framework are explained in below mentioned points. Moral purpose: Moral purpose plays an important role in introducing change in the system. The leaders should perform with the intension of making positive change in the system. The leaders or managers should think about the benefits of the organization. The leaders are motivated by a sense of determination to do valuable for the organization (Wise Jacobo, 2010). Figure 1: Leadership framework Understanding change: The leaders should give focus to understand change before implementing it in the system otherwise change cannot be managed or controlled. The leaders should not introduce complex ideas which cannot be accepted easily by the organization. The managers should give enough time on pre implementation preparation. Leaders should formulate strategies to deal with problems which can be occurred during change implementation process. Relationship building: The simple concept is if relationships in the organization improve then many problems will be solved automatically. Emotional intelligence is a leadership trait that can help to manage conflict in the organization. Effective leaders give efforts to develop harmony in the organization. Knowledge creation and sharing: It means the leaders should give focus to create and share knowledge. Continuous learning method can be used for knowledge creation. For the success of the organization, the members should share the knowledge. Knowledge sharing not only helps in organizational growth but also helps in achieving personal growth (Edwards, 2012). Coherence making: The leaders put efforts to introduce essential change in the system but sometimes change can create disequilibrium in the system. People should understand the change as when changes are taken positively, problems cannot be occurred. Effective leaders make people realize that even in hard time, problems or issues can be discussed productively (Gilley, McMillan Gilley, 2009). Sometimes the leaders have to avoid certain things to maintain equilibrium in the organization. There are also some issues which can have impact on organizational leadership. Many organizations are facing several challenges such as lack of employee cooperation. Employees do not listen to their managers. Sometimes manager who works as leader has to take strict action but the employees do not understand the reason behind the behavior and do not provide support to the manager. One person cannot implement change in the system so leaders require honest feedback from the members but the members do not provide support because they think that it not their work (Howell Shamir, 2005). The leaders need to have many qualities. They cannot always impose their decisions on members. Sometimes the leaders have to listen views of others. Many times the leaders provide directions to others according to their views but the members do not understand the views of leaders. In some organizations due to complex hierarchy structure the members face problems in communication. Lack of communication also creates problem in implementation of organizational leadership (Van Wart, 2013). For the success of the organization effective leadership is required. Modern business world is highly competitive. To survive in the market, organizations need to have strong leadership support. Each organization faces both good time and bad time. In the bad time only leaders can motivate people to deal with the situation. The role of leadership, leadership traits, motives and framework are explained above. Some issues are also mentioned that can influence organizational leadership. To avoid problems employees should understand the views of leaders and leaders should also consider the suggestion of people. Each person should understand the responsibility. The leaders should provide proactive solutions for the upcoming problems and should also explain others the concept so that everyone can understand. Both the leaders and the members should show positive attitude. The members of the organization should work to achieve goals and objectives of the organization. References Bryman, A. (2007). Effective leadership in higher education: A literature review. Studies In Higher Education, 32(6), 693-710. Carlo, G., Okun, M. A., Knight, G. P., de Guzman, M. R. T. (2005). The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: Agreeableness, extraversion and prosocial value motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1293-1305. De Hoogh, A. H., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., Thierry, H., Van den Berg, P. T., Van der Weide, J. G., Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Leader motives, charismatic leadership, and subordinates' work attitude in the profit and voluntary sector. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(1), 17-38. Edwards, A. (2012). The role of common knowledge in achieving collaboration across practices. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 1(1), 22-32. Geoghegan, L., Dulewicz, V. (2008). Do project managers' leadership competencies contribute to project success?. Project Management Journal, 39(4), 58-67. Gilley, A., McMillan, H. S., Gilley, J. W. (2009). Organizational change and characteristics of leadership effectiveness. Journal Of Leadership Organizational Studies, 16(1), 38-47. Howell, J. M., Shamir, B. (2005). The role of followers in the charismatic leadership process: Relationships and their consequences. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 96-112. Isaacson, W. (2012). The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs. Harvard Business Review, 90(4), 92-102. Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 855-875. Knuth, R. K., Banks, P. A. (2006). The essential leadership model. Nassp Bulletin, 90(1), 4-18. Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 553-565. Wise, D., Jacobo, A. (2010). Towards a framework for leadership coaching. School Leadership and Management, 30(2), 159-169.

To Say That The Chinese Communist Revolution Is A Non-Western Essays

To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered China's traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward China's traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainly to the general acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japan's success threw China's failure into sharp remission. The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of China's imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did not carry much weight in its foreign relations. As it struggled awkwardly, there arose two more radical political forces, the relatively powerful Kuomintang of Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, and the younger and weaker Communist Party of China (CPC ). With indispensable support from the CPC and the Third International, the Kuomintang achieved sufficient success so it felt justified in proclaiming a new government, controlled by itself, for the whole of China. For a time the Kuomintang made a valiant effort to tackle China's numerous and colossal problems, including those that had ruined its predecessor : poor communications and the wide distribution of arms. It also took a strongly anti-Western course in its foreign relations, with some success. It is impossible to say whether the Kuomintang's regime would ultimately have proven viable and successful if it had not been ruined by an external enemy, as the Republic had been by its internal opponents. The more the Japanese exerted preemptive pressures on China, the more the people tended to look on the Kuomintang as the only force that prevent china from being dominated by Japan. During the Sino-Japanese war of 1937, the Kuomintang immediately suffered major military defeats and lost control of eastern China. It was only saved from total hopelessness or defeat by Japan's suicidal decision to attack the United States and invasion of Southeastern Asia. But military rescue from Japan brought no significant improvement in the Kuomintang's domestic performance in the political and economic fields, which if anything to get worse. Clearly the pre-Communist history of Modern China has been essentially one of weakness, humiliation, and failure. This is the atmosphere in which the CPC developed its leadership and growth in. The result has been a strong determination on the part of that leadership to eliminate foreign influence within China, to modernize their country, and to eliminate Western influence from eastern Asia, which included the Soviet Union. China was changing and even developing, but its overwhelming marks were still poverty and weakness. During their rise to power the Chinese Communists, like most politically conscious Chinese, were aware of these conditions and anxious to eliminate them. Mao Tse-tung envisioned a mixed economy under Communist control, such as had existed in the Soviet Union during the period of the New Economic Policy. The stress was more upon social justice, and public ownership of the "commanding heights" of the economy than upon development. In 1945, Mao was talking more candidly about development, still within the framework of a mixed economy under Communist control, and stressing the need for more heavy industry; I believe because he had been impressed by the role of heavy industry in determine the outcome of World War II. In his selected works he said "that the necessary capital would come mainly from the accumulated wealth of the Chinese people" but latter added "that