Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist...

Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels attempt to explain the reasons for why there is class struggle and suggest how to prevent class separation. According to Marx there are two different types of social classes: the bourgeoisies and the proletarians. The bourgeoisie are capitalists who own the means of production and the proletarians are the working classes who are employed by the bourgeoisies. Due to their wealth, the bourgeoisies had the power to control pretty much of everything and the proletarians had little or no say in any political issues. According to Marx, the proletarians population would increase and they would†¦show more content†¦The bourgeoisies made sure that the only way of survival for the working class was through them. Marx even believed that the churches were oppressing the proletarians because the bourgeoisies were controlling the churches. Therefore, Marx thought that religion should be abolished. Another thing that Marx beli eved had no existence was the government because the bourgeoisie held all political power.3 The proletarians and the bourgeoisies had very different ways in which they lived during the industrial age. The proletarians lived inside the city where pollution was very bad and overcrowded by a large majority of population, where as the bourgeoisies lived outside the city limits and controlled much of the land. Once the Industrial Revolution came the life in the cities where the proletarians lived became very drastic. Disease in the city became very bad and could destroy a large percentage of the population by causing death. The working class suffered from various types of diseases such as lung disease and many poisonings. The working class would not nearly live as long as the bourgeoisies because they would not be able to receive the medical care that they needed.4 Also crime in the cities became very high because criminals could get away very easily. Eventually law enforcement would be created to slow down the high rates of crime. Another thingShow MoreRelate dMarx Vs. Locke1476 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Marx vs. Locke Work is something we do on a regular basis, it’s what gets us through our day and makes us who we are. In class, we discussed two authors who had a viewpoint on the idea of work. Rousseau and Marx express their opinions of the theory of work in their own writings. In Karl Marx’s reading called The Communist Manifesto he explains the differences and similarities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat people. In Rousseau’s reading called Discourse on the Origins of InequalityRead MoreKarl Marx And Max Weber1324 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx and Max Weber were influential sociologists that paved the way for modern sociological school of thought. Both, Karl Marx and Max Weber contributed a lot to the study and foundation of sociology. Without their contributions sociology would not be as prominent as it is today. From the contribution of how sociology should be studied, to how they applied their theories to everyday life has influenced many sociologists. Predo minantly, both of these theorists’ discussed the effects of capitalismRead MoreCourbet Vs Marx Summary2007 Words   |  9 PagesThe final showdown: Courbet VS Marx Gustave Courbet once said, When I die, let it be said of me: He belonged to no school, to no church, to no institution, to no academy, least of all to any regime except the regime of liberty. (The Painters Key) â€Å"The reader can understand from this phrase that Courbet didnt want to be associated with a class; he wanted the artistic freedom not to be restrained in the world. This idea can be seen in his 1855 painting The Painters Studio where an artist situatedRead MoreManifesto Of The Communist Party920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Communist Manifesto, originally drafted as, â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party†, is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, that in essence reflects an attempt to explain the goals and objectives of Communism, while also explaining the concrete theories about the nature of society in relation to the political ideology. The Communist Manifesto breaks down the relationship of socio-economic classes and specifically identifies the friction between thos e classes. Karl Marx essentially presents a well analyzedRead MoreEssay On Class Struggle1322 Words   |  6 PagesClass struggle has appeared throughout history. Marx’s claims class struggle occurs when there are groups of people who have different interests and economic standing that they begin to categorize themselves, thus creating a â€Å"class† or group in which each individuals are placed into which consisted of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. This class struggle, exploitation masses by the dominant group, is what Karl Marx’s evidently explains in his work. In agreement with Marx I undoubtedly believeRead MoreA Brief Note On Karl Marx, A German Philosopher And Economist Born2586 Words   |  11 PagesKarl Marx, a German philosopher and economist born in 1818, had a profound impact on and revolutionised politics, economics and intellectual thought (Calhoun, 2002, pp. 23-24) when he emerged as a revolutionary thinker who denounced the economic and political elites (the Bourgeoisie) and argued Communism was the inevitable destination for society. His abstract view of human history led many to adopt his ideas and led to the formation of self-declared Communist states across four continents. StalinRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture1463 Words   |  6 PagesT What can we define as Human Nature and Nurture? The Nature vs. Nurture has been a long never ending debate for some time now. Nature vs Nurture has been so profoundly debated, that now it’s unclear whether what makes us who we are and what we do, nature or nurture. For purposes of this essay Nature is going to be defined as characteristics we acquire through our genetic and biological factors, while that Nurture is going to be defined characteristics we acquire through our interactions and influencesRead More Karl Marx and His Critique of Capitalism Essays1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss the changes in capitalism since Marx’s critique in 1848. Marx’s fundamental critique remains correct today. Marx is still correct about his critique of capitalism because even though there have been changes made to capitalism to prevent some abuses, capitalism still produces inequality, reduces the family relationship, destroys small business, and enslaves. In 1848 Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto which was a formal statement of the communist party. â€Å"The history of all hitherto existingRead MoreCommunism And The Communist Manifesto3222 Words   |  13 Pagespropose that the Communist Manifesto has only a weak correlation to current world. To prove this, I will explore four key factors. First, I will summarize Communism and the foundation of the Communist Manifesto using the designated class study materials. I believe that it is essential for the reader to have a baseline upon which I will then explain my position. I will also explore how Religion relates to the concept of universal justice in society and how it plays into the communist manifesto. I will thenRead MoreThe Failure of Modern Capitalism: Looking at Modern Situations from a Marxist Perspective1728 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful or if a major change to our society is imminent. In seeking answers to these questions, it is impossible not to think of economist Ka rl Marx, who spent the better part of his career analyzing capitalism. Marx long ago predicted what he deemed the inevitable downfall of the capitalist society and outlined his reasoning in his infamous Manifesto of the Communist Party. According to Marx, capitalism is bound to collapse due to its inherent internal contradictions of overproduction, concentration

The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Gilman - 958 Words

The birth of a baby can generate a lot of powerful emotions. Emotions like excitement, joy, fear, and anxiety. It can also result in something you might not expect. In the early 1800’s postpartum depression was misdiagnosed by a physician and calling it â€Å"hysteria†. In this time period, physicians were only males so they were more dominant; and females were looked down upon. Postpartum depression is what a mother suffers from after giving birth. It is a combination of hormonal changes and psychological adjustment to motherhood. Mothers who develop postpartum depression are at greater risk of developing other major depressions later on in life, and have difficulty bonding with their babies. 100 years ago this wasn’t a diagnosis, it was very common and plenty of women went through it. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman, talks about how the main character in the story was suffering from postpartum depression, schizophrenia and obsession. Thes e depressions led her to write this story to expose physician’s misdiagnoses and lack of understanding. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford Connecticut, her childhood led to depression and her suicide. Her father abandoned the family when she was a child only leaving her mother and relative to help raise her. Her childhood and family situation was damaged by her father leaving and that helped her to learn and gain independence. She got married in 1884 and then she was diagnosed with depression. She was prescribedShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Gilman is a chilling portrayal of a woman’s downward spiral towards madness after undergoing treatment for postpartum depression in the 1800’s. The narrator, whose name remains nameless, represents the hundreds of middle to upper- class women who were diagnosed with â€Å"hysteria† and prescribed a â€Å"rest† treatment. Although Gilman’s story was a heroic attempt to â€Å"save people from being driven crazy† (GilmanRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman992 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The yellow wallpaper† The Yellow Wallpaper is a story about women’s repression in the 19th century. This story shows an immense difference between men and women inside society. While the men are the one making the decisions and taking responsibility, women must accept their obligations. The protagonist is repressed and appear for the effect of the oppression of women in society. This effect is develop by the use of complex symbols such as, the room, the wallpaper, the window which facilitates herRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Gilman1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper, written by the famous Charlotte Perkins, is a captivating short story published in 1892 that presents the story from the perspective of the narrator. This story is quite fascinating and readers may easily view it from different perspectives. For example, some readers may interpret it as a medical critique while others may view it as feminist allegory. In this short story, Charlotte Gilman uses her personal exp eriences with pregnancy, especially the depression and anxiety thatRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe yellow wallpaper by charlotte Gilman is about a woman who slowly descends into madness trying to please herself and have a voice even though she is a woman in a time that is is expected for her to obey her husband and be the wife he wants her to be. This short story took many years to be published, one publisher even wrote in a rejection letter to Gillman that stated â€Å"I could not forgive myself if I made others as miserable as I have made myself by reading this† (Stephens, 1997). The commentRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Gilman1542 Words   |  7 PagesThe short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, written by Charlotte Gilman, presents as a feminist text written in protest to the treatment of women by a male dominated society. The story is told from the narrator’s perspective, a woman who’s na me we never learn. A woman suffering from post-natal-depression who is prescribed the remedy of the day, a course of treatment known as â€Å"rest cure†, in which the sufferer is confined to bed and not allowed to partake in the activities of daily life. This extendedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman examines the negative effects of the â€Å"rest cure†, a common approach used in the nineteenth century to treat women suffering from severe nervous symptoms (Bassuk 245). The text not only condemns the callous, medical treatment that the narrator endures, but, it also addresses the misogynistic beliefs and the resulting gender inequalities that endorse the use of such treatments. This theme is made explicit in the narrator’s persistent attempts to escape theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Gilman1582 Words   |  7 Pageshusbands want them to do, as we ll as what society wants them to do. Charlotte Gilman published The Yellow Wallpaper in 1892 and wrote this short story because she experienced the same confinement that the narrator did. The narrator s role in the family in the short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, represents the ideals and attitudes toward gender roles in the Victorian Era which will evolve into present-day ideas and roles. Gilman s use of confinement throughout the story provides context as to howRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman964 Words   |  4 Pageslearn from this experience. Reading scholarly articles was not easy at all. They were long and had many words I did not understand; it was actually the first time I had ever read scholarly articles. I choose the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman. The Yellow Wallpaper was a good story to write about because it was challenging and interesting. Writing a research paper could be challenging in so many level; it test your knowledge and skills. For example, having to fully understand theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1362 Words   |  6 Pagesas freaks. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, both of these elements are present. Gilman did a wonderful job portraying how women are not taken seriously and how lightly mental illnesses are taken. Gilman had, too, had firsthand experience with the physician in the story. Charlotte Perkins Gilman s believes that there really was no difference in means of way of thinking between men or women is strongly. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story about a woman whoRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her sever e depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editor

Significant Role of Leadership-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Critically analyse the relationship between traits, motives and effectiveness of leaders. Answer: Leadership plays a significant role in any organization. Today organizations are operating in dynamic environment where situations are changing rapidly. The organizations have to face various challenges and the managers who work as leaders in the organization provide guidance to other members to deal with those challenges. Leadership can be defined as an action in which managers influence employees to achieve goals and objectives. The managers set a clear vision for the company and motivate employees by providing them continuous guidance (Bryman, 2007). In the given essay the role of leadership and relation between traits and motives are explained. We have taken Steve Jobs as the role model for all the mangers. The essay also elaborates how Steve Jobs had applied those traits for the growth of the organization. One leadership framework is also showed in the essay. The given paragraph focuses on the role of leadership. Leadership is an important part of management that helps to maximize effectiveness and efficiency and also helps in achieving goals of the organization. The managers who work as leaders formulate plans, policies and strategies and communicate the information to subordinates. Leaders provide motivation to employees. For motivating employees they use economic and non-economic rewards. Leaders build confidence among employees by explaining them their roles and also by giving them proper guidance to attain goals. The main work of mangers or leaders is to get the work done through people. Leaders also help to create an efficient work environment in the organization. In current market condition to meet complex challenges, the leaders formulate specific strategies and motivate employees to perform their task properly. Leaders possess certain traits and motives which are both interrelated. All the traits and motives contribute to leadership effectiveness. Effective leaders have certain characteristics which contribute to the success of the organization. Certain of the personality traits include trustworthiness, self-confidence, extroversion, assertiveness, enthusiasm, emotional stability, high tolerance and a sense of humor. A good leader should have traits such as sense of humor trait which will help in creating friendly relationship with employees (Carlo, Okun, Knight de Guzman, 2005). In many leadership theories personality traits are used to provide definition of good leader. A good leader mainly uses situational leadership theory that suggests that single leadership style cannot be applied in all situations. According to the situations the le aders have to select proper leadership style. Some factors like organization culture, employees behavior, and certain other conditions the leaders consider for selecting the best leadership style for the situation. Some task related personality traits a good leader possesses are flexibility, passion, courage, emotional intelligence and adaptability. All these traits help leaders to perform the work effectively and efficiently (Judge, Piccolo Kosalka, 2009). With all the mentioned leadership traits, the leaders also contain some motives like power motive, strong work ethic, tenacity, drive and achievement. The power motive indicates that the strong leader or a manager require to control other people in the organization. The leaders have to use their powers to influence the behaviors of others. Strong work ethic motive can be understood as the leaders believe in dignity of work. They support strong work ethic in the organization. The leaders assume that group task provide more productive output than individual task. The drive and achievement motive indicates that the leader implements best ideas that can give good returns. Through the efforts of managers who perform effective leadership role in the organization both company and the managers get benefits (De Hoogh et al., 2005). Tenacity motive shows strong determination of leaders. The effective leaders provide creative solution to solve complex problems. There are strong relationship between leadership traits and motives. Successful leaders use leadership traits which provide support to achieve motives. For fulfilling power motive the leaders must have certain characteristics like risk taking, self-confidence, and extra version (Geoghegan Dulewicz, 2008). For maintaining strong work ethic the leaders must possess emotional intelligence, sense of humor, enthusiasm and assertiveness. For accomplishing tenacity motive the leaders must have high tolerance level and for attaining drive and achievement motive the leaders must have certain qualities like courage, enthusiasm, initiative, flexibility, and adaptability. Steve Jobs is the famous name in corporate world. He is the person who is responsible for Apple Companys success. Some major leadership qualities Steve jobs had adaptability, focus, assertiveness, innovative and self-confidence. The major motives of Steve Jobs were tenacity and strong work ethic. Steve Jobs was a motivational leader. He formulated business strategies and motivated employees to work for the betterment and growth of the company. Modern managers can learn leadership qualities from him as he faced various challenges in his life but faced those challenges with full zeal. Steve jobs, was very passionate for his work. He provided right directions to the Apple Company when company was facing many problems (Isaacson, 2012). The leaders should use appropriate framework to provide effective leadership to the organization. The framework or model of leadership helps to deal with complex problems. Michale Fullan has given a leadership model that can be used to implement change in an organization. Fullans leadership model includes 5 major points like moral purpose, relationship building, understanding change, coherence making and knowledge sharing (Knuth Banks, 2006). Mainly the leaders are responsible to introduce change in the organization. The five major elements showed in the framework are explained in below mentioned points. Moral purpose: Moral purpose plays an important role in introducing change in the system. The leaders should perform with the intension of making positive change in the system. The leaders or managers should think about the benefits of the organization. The leaders are motivated by a sense of determination to do valuable for the organization (Wise Jacobo, 2010). Figure 1: Leadership framework Understanding change: The leaders should give focus to understand change before implementing it in the system otherwise change cannot be managed or controlled. The leaders should not introduce complex ideas which cannot be accepted easily by the organization. The managers should give enough time on pre implementation preparation. Leaders should formulate strategies to deal with problems which can be occurred during change implementation process. Relationship building: The simple concept is if relationships in the organization improve then many problems will be solved automatically. Emotional intelligence is a leadership trait that can help to manage conflict in the organization. Effective leaders give efforts to develop harmony in the organization. Knowledge creation and sharing: It means the leaders should give focus to create and share knowledge. Continuous learning method can be used for knowledge creation. For the success of the organization, the members should share the knowledge. Knowledge sharing not only helps in organizational growth but also helps in achieving personal growth (Edwards, 2012). Coherence making: The leaders put efforts to introduce essential change in the system but sometimes change can create disequilibrium in the system. People should understand the change as when changes are taken positively, problems cannot be occurred. Effective leaders make people realize that even in hard time, problems or issues can be discussed productively (Gilley, McMillan Gilley, 2009). Sometimes the leaders have to avoid certain things to maintain equilibrium in the organization. There are also some issues which can have impact on organizational leadership. Many organizations are facing several challenges such as lack of employee cooperation. Employees do not listen to their managers. Sometimes manager who works as leader has to take strict action but the employees do not understand the reason behind the behavior and do not provide support to the manager. One person cannot implement change in the system so leaders require honest feedback from the members but the members do not provide support because they think that it not their work (Howell Shamir, 2005). The leaders need to have many qualities. They cannot always impose their decisions on members. Sometimes the leaders have to listen views of others. Many times the leaders provide directions to others according to their views but the members do not understand the views of leaders. In some organizations due to complex hierarchy structure the members face problems in communication. Lack of communication also creates problem in implementation of organizational leadership (Van Wart, 2013). For the success of the organization effective leadership is required. Modern business world is highly competitive. To survive in the market, organizations need to have strong leadership support. Each organization faces both good time and bad time. In the bad time only leaders can motivate people to deal with the situation. The role of leadership, leadership traits, motives and framework are explained above. Some issues are also mentioned that can influence organizational leadership. To avoid problems employees should understand the views of leaders and leaders should also consider the suggestion of people. Each person should understand the responsibility. The leaders should provide proactive solutions for the upcoming problems and should also explain others the concept so that everyone can understand. Both the leaders and the members should show positive attitude. The members of the organization should work to achieve goals and objectives of the organization. References Bryman, A. (2007). Effective leadership in higher education: A literature review. Studies In Higher Education, 32(6), 693-710. Carlo, G., Okun, M. A., Knight, G. P., de Guzman, M. R. T. (2005). The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: Agreeableness, extraversion and prosocial value motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1293-1305. De Hoogh, A. H., Den Hartog, D. N., Koopman, P. L., Thierry, H., Van den Berg, P. T., Van der Weide, J. G., Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Leader motives, charismatic leadership, and subordinates' work attitude in the profit and voluntary sector. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(1), 17-38. Edwards, A. (2012). The role of common knowledge in achieving collaboration across practices. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 1(1), 22-32. Geoghegan, L., Dulewicz, V. (2008). Do project managers' leadership competencies contribute to project success?. Project Management Journal, 39(4), 58-67. Gilley, A., McMillan, H. S., Gilley, J. W. (2009). Organizational change and characteristics of leadership effectiveness. Journal Of Leadership Organizational Studies, 16(1), 38-47. Howell, J. M., Shamir, B. (2005). The role of followers in the charismatic leadership process: Relationships and their consequences. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 96-112. Isaacson, W. (2012). The real leadership lessons of Steve Jobs. Harvard Business Review, 90(4), 92-102. Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 855-875. Knuth, R. K., Banks, P. A. (2006). The essential leadership model. Nassp Bulletin, 90(1), 4-18. Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 553-565. Wise, D., Jacobo, A. (2010). Towards a framework for leadership coaching. School Leadership and Management, 30(2), 159-169.

To Say That The Chinese Communist Revolution Is A Non-Western Essays

To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered China's traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward China's traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainly to the general acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japan's success threw China's failure into sharp remission. The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of China's imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did not carry much weight in its foreign relations. As it struggled awkwardly, there arose two more radical political forces, the relatively powerful Kuomintang of Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, and the younger and weaker Communist Party of China (CPC ). With indispensable support from the CPC and the Third International, the Kuomintang achieved sufficient success so it felt justified in proclaiming a new government, controlled by itself, for the whole of China. For a time the Kuomintang made a valiant effort to tackle China's numerous and colossal problems, including those that had ruined its predecessor : poor communications and the wide distribution of arms. It also took a strongly anti-Western course in its foreign relations, with some success. It is impossible to say whether the Kuomintang's regime would ultimately have proven viable and successful if it had not been ruined by an external enemy, as the Republic had been by its internal opponents. The more the Japanese exerted preemptive pressures on China, the more the people tended to look on the Kuomintang as the only force that prevent china from being dominated by Japan. During the Sino-Japanese war of 1937, the Kuomintang immediately suffered major military defeats and lost control of eastern China. It was only saved from total hopelessness or defeat by Japan's suicidal decision to attack the United States and invasion of Southeastern Asia. But military rescue from Japan brought no significant improvement in the Kuomintang's domestic performance in the political and economic fields, which if anything to get worse. Clearly the pre-Communist history of Modern China has been essentially one of weakness, humiliation, and failure. This is the atmosphere in which the CPC developed its leadership and growth in. The result has been a strong determination on the part of that leadership to eliminate foreign influence within China, to modernize their country, and to eliminate Western influence from eastern Asia, which included the Soviet Union. China was changing and even developing, but its overwhelming marks were still poverty and weakness. During their rise to power the Chinese Communists, like most politically conscious Chinese, were aware of these conditions and anxious to eliminate them. Mao Tse-tung envisioned a mixed economy under Communist control, such as had existed in the Soviet Union during the period of the New Economic Policy. The stress was more upon social justice, and public ownership of the "commanding heights" of the economy than upon development. In 1945, Mao was talking more candidly about development, still within the framework of a mixed economy under Communist control, and stressing the need for more heavy industry; I believe because he had been impressed by the role of heavy industry in determine the outcome of World War II. In his selected works he said "that the necessary capital would come mainly from the accumulated wealth of the Chinese people" but latter added "that

Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda

Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda Edward Bernays was an American business consultant who is widely regarded as having created the modern profession of public relations with his groundbreaking campaigns of the 1920s. Bernays attained clients among major corporations and became known for boosting their business by causing changes in public opinion. Advertising was already commonplace by the early 20th century. But what Bernays did with his campaigns was significantly different, as he didnt openly seek to promote a particular product the way a typical ad campaign would. Instead, when hired by a company, Bernays would set out to change the opinions of the general public, creating demand which would indirectly boost the fortunes of a particular product. Fast Facts: Edward Bernays Born: November 22, 1891 in Vienna AustriaDied: March 9, 1995 in Cambridge, MassachusettsParents: Ely Bernays and Anna FreudSpouse: Doris Fleishman (married 1922)Education: Cornell UniversityNotable Published Works: Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923),  Propaganda  (1928),  Public Relations  (1945),  The Engineering of Consent  (1955)Famous Quote: Whatever of social importance is done today, whether in politics, finance, manufacture, agriculture, charity, education, or other fields, must be done with the help of propaganda. (from his 1928 book Propaganda) Some of Bernays public relations campaigns failed, but some were so successful that he was able to create a thriving business. And, making no secret of his family relationship to Sigmund Freud- he was the nephew of the pioneering psychoanalyst- his work had the veneer of scientific respectability. Bernays was often portrayed as the father of propaganda, a title he did not mind. He maintained that propaganda was a laudable and necessary component of democratic government. Early Life Edward L. Bernays was born on November 22, 1891, in Vienna, Austria. His family emigrated to the United States a year later, and his father became a successful grain merchant on the New York commodity exchanges. His mother, Anna Freud, was the younger sister of Sigmund Freud. Bernays did not grow up in contact with Freud directly, though as a young man he did visit him. Its unclear how much Freud influenced his work in the publicity business, but Bernays was never shy about the connection and it no doubt helped him attract clients. After growing up in Manhattan, Bernays attended Cornell University. It was his fathers idea, as he believed his son would also enter the grain business and a degree from Cornells prestigious agriculture program would be helpful. Bernays was an outsider at Cornell, which was largely attended by the sons of farming families. Unhappy with the career path chosen for him, he graduated from Cornell intent on becoming a journalist. Back in Manhattan, he became the editor of a medical journal. Early Career His position at the Medical Review of Reviews led to his first foray into public relations. He heard that an actor wanted to produce a play that was controversial, as it dealt with the subject of venereal disease. Bernays offered to help and essentially turned the play into a cause, and a success, by creating what he called the Sociological Fund Committee, which enlisted notable citizens to praise the play. After that first experience, Bernays began working as a press agent and built a thriving business. During World War I he was rejected for military service due to his poor vision, but he offered his public relations services to the U.S. government. When he joined the governments Committee of Public Information, he enlisted American companies doing business overseas to distribute literature about Americas reasons for entering the war. After the end of the war, Bernays traveled to Paris as part of a government public relations team at the Paris Peace Conference. The trip went badly for Bernays, who found himself in conflict with other officials. Despite that, he came away having learned a valuable lesson, which was that wartime work changing public opinion on a grand scale could have civilian applications. Noteworthy Campaigns Following the war, Bernays continued in the public relations business, seeking out major clients. An early triumph was a project for President Calvin Coolidge, who projected a stern and humorless image. Bernays arranged for performers, including Al Jolson, to visit Coolidge at the White House. Coolidge was portrayed in the press as having fun, and weeks later he won the election of 1924. Bernays, of course, took credit for changing the publics perception of Coolidge. One of the most famous Bernays campaigns was while working for the American Tobacco Company in the late 1920s. Smoking had caught on among American women in the years following World War I, but the habit carried a stigma and only a fraction of Americans found it acceptable for women to smoke, especially in public. Bernays began by spreading the idea, through various means, that smoking was an alternative to candy and desserts and that tobacco helped people lose weight. He followed that up in 1929 with something more audacious: spreading the idea that cigarettes meant freedom. Bernays had gotten the idea from consulting with a New York psychoanalyst who happened to be a disciple of his uncle, Dr. Freud. Bernays was informed that women of the late 1920s were seeking freedom, and smoking represented that freedom. To find a way to convey that concept to the public, Bernays hit upon the stunt of having young women smoke cigarettes while strolling in the annual Easter Sunday parade on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Scene at 1929 Freedom Torches event arranged by Edward Bernays.   Getty Images The event was carefully organized and essentially scripted. Debutantes were recruited to be the smokers, and they were carefully positioned near particular landmarks, such as St. Patricks Cathedral. Bernays even arranged for a photographer to shoot images just in case any newspaper photographers missed the shot. The next day, the New York Times published a story on the annual Easter celebrations and a sub-headline on page one read: Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of Freedom. The article noted about a dozen young women strolled back and forth near St. Patricks Cathedral, ostentatiously smoking cigarettes. When interviewed, the women said the cigarettes were torches of freedom that were lighting the way to the day when women would smoke on the street as casually as men. The tobacco company was happy with the results, as sales to women accelerated. A wildly successful campaign was devised by Bernays for a longtime client, Procter Gamble for its Ivory Soap brand. Bernays devised a way of making children like soap by initiating soap carving contests. Children (and adults, too) were encouraged to whittle bars of Ivory and the contests became a national fad. A newspaper article in 1929 about the companys fifth annual soap sculpture contest mentioned that $1,675 in prize money was being awarded, and many contestants were adults and even professional artists. The contests continued for decades (and instructions for soap sculpture are still part of Procter Gamble promotions). Influential Author Bernays had started in public relations as a press agent for various performers, but by the 1920s he saw himself as a strategist who was elevating the entire business of public relations into a profession. He preached his theories on shaping public opinion at university lectures and also published books, including Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923) and Propaganda (1928). He later wrote memoirs of his career. His books were influential, and generations of public relations professionals have referred to them. Bernays, however, came in for criticism. He was denounced by the magazine Editor and Publisher as the young Machiavelli of our time, and he was often criticized for operating in deceptive ways. Legacy Bernays has been widely regarded as a pioneer in the field of public relations, and many of his techniques have become commonplace. For instance, the Bernays practice of forming interest groups to advocate for something is reflected daily in the commentators on cable television who represent interest groups and think tanks that seem to exist to confer respectability. Often speaking out in retirement, Bernays, who lived to the age of 103 and died in 1995, was often critical of those who seemed to be his heirs. He told the New York Times, in an interview conducted in honor of his 100th birthday, that any dope, any nitwit, any idiot, can call him or herself a public relations practitioner. However, he said he would be happy to be called the father of public relations when the field is taken seriously, like law or architecture. Sources: Edward L. Bernays. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2004, pp. 211-212. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Bernays, Edward L. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson, et al., vol. 4: 1994-1996, Charles Scribners Sons, 2001, pp. 32-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Discuss the view presented by Nasim and Sushil (2011) that managing Essay

Discuss the view presented by Nasim and Sushil (2011) that managing change invariably involves managing paradoxes and in partic - Essay Example This view of organisation change’s reality indicates a postmodernist oncology, where change remains fluid and elusive. As a result, to understand it demands acknowledging and accepting its dynamic, fluid nature. Managing changes requires managing paradoxes through a postmodernist ontology with postconstructivist epistemology because of the existence of diverse types of changes, resistance to changes, and narratives for attaining individual and organisational changes. The paradox of change lies in the postmodernist ontology with postconstructivist epistemology. Postmodernist thinking on the study of being views reality as a combination of different ways of seeing. The study of organisational changes has intersected various concepts from diverse fields, such as child development and evolutionary biology, and yet not many scholars have integrated them in a systematic manner (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 510). Poggie (1965: 284) remarks on the paradox of knowing reality: â€Å"A w ay of seeing is a way of not seeing.† One epistemological view of reality is one way of not seeing reality through another perspective. van de Ven and Poole (1995: 511) urge for an interdisciplinary approach to seeing the reality of organisational change: â€Å"It is the interplay between different perspectives that helps one gain a more comprehensive understanding of organisational life, because any one theoretical perspective invariably offers only a partial account of a complex phenomenon.† They promote a postmodernist view of seeing and knowing the reality of organisational change because it enriches its understanding. Furthermore, the paradox-of-change approach uses postconstructivist epistemology using competing theories to explore and to illustrate it. van de Ven and Poole (1995) offer a typology of process theories that examine how and why change happens in social or biological units. These are life cycle, teleological, dialectical and evolutionary process theor ies. These four theories stand for essentially different event chains and generative components that they called â€Å"motors† to depict the processes and causes of changes (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 511). van de Ven and Poole (1995) stress that organisational change do not neatly fit only one of these process theories because some conditions can stimulate interdependent changes across different organisational elements. They stress the complexity of changes: â€Å"Even though each of these types has its own internal logic, complexity and the potential for theoretical confusion arise from the interplay among different motors† (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 534). The paradox of changes arises from the reality of spontaneous effects of changes, anticipated or otherwise. Sturdy and Grey (2003) criticise the one-sided view of organisational change management (OCM) discourses that emphasise stability over changes. They offer different views of changes using discourse analysi s. They conclude the need for using different lenses in understanding changes and in attaining effective changes. Hence, this essay finds it useful to see changes from a postmodernist view of organisational reality and knowledge. The paradox of change and continuity affects different kinds and stages of changes. Managing changes in different types of changes require balancing change and continuity. Nadler and Tushman (1989) examined diverse large-scale organisational changes and provided several insights and generalisations. They reviewed

The Age of Revolution 1789-1849 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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